Nové technologie v zavlažování pro udržitelnou produkci a ochranu vodních zdrojů v podmínkách změny klimatu

Přehled modulu

• Irrigation under climate change,

• Crop irrigation requirements,

• Surface irrigation

• Sprinkler irrigation,

• Drip irrigation,

• Irrigation management and scheduling,

• Water reuse for irrigation,

• Cloud seeding

Introduction

Water has an essential role in growing plants and obtaining high agricultural production independent of climatic conditions, having the most critical role in agricultural development. It ensures the transport of nutrients and photosynthesis products inside the plant, allows the solubilization of nutrients and their extraction from the soil by plant roots, and is necessary for germination, sprouting, and other functions. In modern agriculture, irrigation is used for multiple purposes. First of all, it has the physiological role of ensuring the water necessary for the growth and stabilization of agricultural production, in areas where precipitation is insufficient or unevenly distributed during the growing season. In addition to its main role, irrigation can be used for preventing crop compromise in fruit growing due to frosts or late spring frosts (this type of irrigation is known as anti-freeze irrigation), preparing the seedbed in good conditions after a prolonged period of drought (frequent situations during the summer period, before sowing the second crop, as well as in autumn, when sowing wheat), natural biological purification by irrigation of wastewater, thus avoiding expensive purification installations. In the culture of rice, flood irrigation is used (supplying plots and raising the water level in them) and for temperature regulation when sharp temperature drops occur (so-called thermal or thermoregulating irrigation). Also, using wash irrigation ensures the dissolution and washing of salts in the case of salinized soils. The efficiency of irrigation is still very low, with about half of the water being used by crops, which, under climate change conditions characterized by low water resources, needs considerable improvement for sustainable water management, sustainable agricultural practices, and environmental protection. The lectures in this module present the existing technologies of irrigation as well as means for improved management of irrigation. We discuss the impact of irrigation under climate change conditions as well as the practices adopted for sustainable production and sustainable water management.